Procedure

Materials Required:

• Burette
• Conical Flask
• Magnetic Stirrer
• Burette Stand

Reagents:

• KMnO₄
• Charcoal
• Oxalic Acid
• Water

Procedure:

1. Select the titrant.
2. Select the titrate.
3. Choose the volume of water and oxalic acid.
4. Click the Start button.
5. Note down the end point.
6. Enter the value in the Excel sheet.
7. Corresponding graphs of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are obtained.

Observations and Calculations

No.	Normality KMnO₄ (N₂)	Volume H₂C₂O₄	Charcoal (m, g)	H₂C₂O₄ (mL)	Water (mL)	Titrate V₁ (mL)	KMnO₄ V₂ (mL)	Cₑ = (V₂ × N₂) / V₁	Cᵢ	X = Cᵢ − Cₑ	X/m	log Cₑ	log (X/m)	Cₑ / (X/m)
1	0.1	0.5	2	50	0	10
2	0.1	0.5	2	40	10	10
3	0.1	0.5	2	30	20	10
4	0.1	0.5	2	20	30	10
5	0.1	0.5	2	10	40	10

Results:

• Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm is verified.
• Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm is verified.
• The value of constant n = .........................
• The value of constant k = .........................
• The value of constant a = .........................
• The value of constant b = .........................

Points to Remember while Performing the Experiment in a Real Laboratory:

• Always wear a lab coat and gloves when you are in the lab.
• When entering the lab, switch on the exhaust fan and check the availability of all required chemicals and reagents. Prepare reagents if not available.
• Clean all working apparatus with chromic acid and distilled water. Ensure apparatus are dry before use.
• Calibrate the electronic weighing balance before taking measurements.
• Clean all glassware with soap and distilled water before and after use.
• Recap reagent bottles once the experiment is completed.
• Switch off the lights and exhaust fan before leaving the lab.
• Discard used gloves in the designated waste bin.